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		<title>Lisa Hacker: /* Model Development */</title>
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		<updated>2012-08-23T23:06:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Model Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 23:06, 23 August 2012&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Model Development===&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#REDIRECT &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crow-AMSAA - NHPP&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Suppose system development is represented by  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configurations. This corresponds to  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration changes, unless fixes are applied at the end of the test phase, in which case there would be  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration changes. Let  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  be the number of trials during configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and let  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  be the number of failures during configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . Then the cumulative number of trials through configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , namely  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is the sum of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , or:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}=\underset{}{\overset{}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;And the cumulative number of failures through configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , namely  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is the sum of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , or:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}=\underset{}{\overset{}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The expected value of  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  can be expressed as  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&lt;/del&gt;[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{K}_{i}}]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and defined as the expected number of failures by the end of configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . Applying the learning curve property to  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&lt;/del&gt;[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{K}_{i}}]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  implies:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E\left[ {{K}_{i}} \right]=\lambda T_{i}^{\beta }&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Denote  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{1}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  as the probability of failure for configuration 1 and use it to develop a generalized equation for  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  in terms of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . From Eqn. (expectedn), the expected number of failures by the end of configuration 1 is:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E\left[ {{K}_{1}} \right&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }={{f}_{1}}{{N}_{1}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\therefore {{f}_{1}}=\frac{\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{1}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Applying Eqn. (expectedn) again and noting that the expected number of failures by the end of configuration 2 is the sum of the expected number of failures in configuration 1 and the expected number of failures in configuration 2:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;  &amp;amp; E\left[ {{K}_{2}} \right&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= &amp;amp; \lambda T_{2}^{\beta } \\ &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;amp; = &amp;amp; {{f}_{1}}{{N}_{1}}+{{f}_{2}}{{N}_{2}} \\ &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;amp; = &amp;amp; \lambda T_{1}^{\beta }+{{f}_{2}}{{N}_{2}}  &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\therefore {{f}_{2}}=\frac{\lambda T_{2}^{\beta }-\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{2}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;By this method of inductive reasoning, a generalized equation for the failure probability on a configuration basis,  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is obtained, such that: &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}=\frac{\lambda T_{i}^{\beta }-\lambda T_{i-1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{i}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For the special case where  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , Eqn. (dfi) becomes a smooth curve,  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{g}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , that represents the probability of failure for trial by trial data, or: &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{g}_{i}}=\lambda \cdot {{i}^{\beta }}-\lambda \cdot {{\left( i-1 \right)}^{\beta }}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In Eqn. (dfi1),  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  represents the trial number. Thus using Eqn. (dfi), an equation for the reliability (probability of success) for the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{i}^{th}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration is obtained: &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{R}_{i}}=1-{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;And using Eqn. (dfi1), the equation for the reliability for the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{i}^{th}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  trial is: &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{R}_{i}}=1-{{g}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Lisa Hacker</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.reliawiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Model_development_camsaa-cd&amp;diff=11478&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Nicolette Young: Created page with &#039;===Model Development=== Suppose system development is represented by  &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;  configurations. This corresponds to  &lt;math&gt;i-1&lt;/math&gt;  configuration changes, unless fixes a…&#039;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.reliawiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Model_development_camsaa-cd&amp;diff=11478&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2012-01-09T17:08:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;#039;===Model Development=== Suppose system development is represented by  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configurations. This corresponds to  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration changes, unless fixes a…&amp;#039;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;===Model Development===&lt;br /&gt;
Suppose system development is represented by  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configurations. This corresponds to  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration changes, unless fixes are applied at the end of the test phase, in which case there would be  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration changes. Let  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  be the number of trials during configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and let  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  be the number of failures during configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . Then the cumulative number of trials through configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , namely  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is the sum of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , or:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}=\underset{}{\overset{}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And the cumulative number of failures through configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , namely  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is the sum of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , or:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}=\underset{}{\overset{}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{M}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The expected value of  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{K}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  can be expressed as  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E[{{K}_{i}}]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and defined as the expected number of failures by the end of configuration  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . Applying the learning curve property to  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E[{{K}_{i}}]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  implies:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E\left[ {{K}_{i}} \right]=\lambda T_{i}^{\beta }&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Denote  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{1}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  as the probability of failure for configuration 1 and use it to develop a generalized equation for  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  in terms of the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{T}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  and  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; . From Eqn. (expectedn), the expected number of failures by the end of configuration 1 is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E\left[ {{K}_{1}} \right]=\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }={{f}_{1}}{{N}_{1}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\therefore {{f}_{1}}=\frac{\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{1}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Applying Eqn. (expectedn) again and noting that the expected number of failures by the end of configuration 2 is the sum of the expected number of failures in configuration 1 and the expected number of failures in configuration 2:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;amp; E\left[ {{K}_{2}} \right]= &amp;amp; \lambda T_{2}^{\beta } \\ &lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;amp; = &amp;amp; {{f}_{1}}{{N}_{1}}+{{f}_{2}}{{N}_{2}} \\ &lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;amp; = &amp;amp; \lambda T_{1}^{\beta }+{{f}_{2}}{{N}_{2}}  &lt;br /&gt;
\end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\therefore {{f}_{2}}=\frac{\lambda T_{2}^{\beta }-\lambda T_{1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{2}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By this method of inductive reasoning, a generalized equation for the failure probability on a configuration basis,  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , is obtained, such that: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{f}_{i}}=\frac{\lambda T_{i}^{\beta }-\lambda T_{i-1}^{\beta }}{{{N}_{i}}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the special case where  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{N}_{i}}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  for all  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , Eqn. (dfi) becomes a smooth curve,  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{g}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , that represents the probability of failure for trial by trial data, or: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{g}_{i}}=\lambda \cdot {{i}^{\beta }}-\lambda \cdot {{\left( i-1 \right)}^{\beta }}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Eqn. (dfi1),  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  represents the trial number. Thus using Eqn. (dfi), an equation for the reliability (probability of success) for the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{i}^{th}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  configuration is obtained: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{R}_{i}}=1-{{f}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And using Eqn. (dfi1), the equation for the reliability for the  &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{i}^{th}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  trial is: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{{R}_{i}}=1-{{g}_{i}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Nicolette Young</name></author>
	</entry>
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