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=Appendix 7A: Eyring Confidence Bounds=
{{eyring confidence bounds}}
<br>
==Approximate Confidence Bounds for the Eyring-Exponential==
<br>
===Confidence Bounds on Mean Life===
<br>
 
The mean life for the Eyring relationship l is given by Eqn. (eyring) by setting  <math>m=L(V)</math> . The upper  <math>({{m}_{U}})</math>  and lower  <math>({{m}_{L}})</math>  bounds on the mean life (ML estimate of the mean life) are estimated by:
 
<br>
::<math>{{m}_{U}}=\widehat{m}\cdot {{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{m})}}{\widehat{m}}}}</math>
 
<br>
::<math>{{m}_{L}}=\widehat{m}\cdot {{e}^{-\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{m})}}{\widehat{m}}}}</math>
 
<br>
where  <math>{{K}_{\alpha }}</math>  is defined by:
 
<br>
::<math>\alpha =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathop{}_{{{K}_{\alpha }}}^{\infty }{{e}^{-\tfrac{{{t}^{2}}}{2}}}dt=1-\Phi ({{K}_{\alpha }})</math>
 
<br>
If  <math>\delta </math>  is the confidence level, then  <math>\alpha =\tfrac{1-\delta }{2}</math>  for the two-sided bounds, and  <math>\alpha =1-\delta </math>  for the one-sided bounds. The variance of  <math>\widehat{m}</math>  is given by:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{m})= & {{\left( \frac{\partial m}{\partial A} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{A})+{{\left( \frac{\partial m}{\partial B} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial m}{\partial A} \right)\left( \frac{\partial m}{\partial B} \right)Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>Var(\widehat{m})=\frac{1}{{{V}^{2}}}{{e}^{-2\left( \widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right)}}\left[ Var(\widehat{A})+\frac{1}{{{V}^{2}}}Var(\widehat{B})-\frac{1}{V}Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) \right]</math>
 
<br>
The variances and covariance of  <math>A</math>  and  <math>B</math>  are estimated from the local Fisher matrix (evaluated at  <math>\widehat{A}</math> ,  <math>\widehat{B})</math>  as follows:
 
<br>
::<math>\left[ \begin{matrix}
  Var(\widehat{A}) & Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B})  \\
  Cov(\widehat{B},\widehat{A}) & Var(\widehat{B})  \\
\end{matrix} \right]={{\left[ \begin{matrix}
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{A}^{2}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial A\partial B}  \\
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial B\partial A} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{B}^{2}}}  \\
\end{matrix} \right]}^{-1}}</math>
 
===Confidence Bounds on Reliability===
 
The bounds on reliability at a given time,  <math>T</math> , are estimated by:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{R}_{U}}= & {{e}^{-\tfrac{T}{{{m}_{U}}}}} \\
&  &  \\
& {{R}_{L}}= & {{e}^{-\tfrac{T}{{{m}_{L}}}}} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
where  <math>{{m}_{U}}</math>  and  <math>{{m}_{L}}</math>  are estimated using Eqns. (EyrxpMeanUpper) and (EyrxpMeanLower).
<br>
===Confidence Bounds on Time===
<br>
The bounds on time (ML estimate of time) for a given reliability are estimated by first solving the reliability function with respect to time:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{T}=-\widehat{m}\cdot \ln (R)</math>
 
<br>
The corresponding confidence bounds are estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{T}_{U}}= & -{{m}_{U}}\cdot \ln (R) \\
&  &  \\
& {{T}_{L}}= & -{{m}_{L}}\cdot \ln (R) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
where  <math>{{m}_{U}}</math>  and  <math>{{m}_{L}}</math>  are estimated using Eqns. (EyrxpMeanUpper) and (EyrxpMeanLower).
 
==Approximate Confidence Bounds for the Eyring-Weibull==
<br>
 
===Bounds on the Parameters===
<br>
 
From the asymptotically normal property of the maximum likelihood estimators, and since  <math>\widehat{\beta }</math>  is a positive parameter,  <math>\ln (\widehat{\beta })</math>  can then be treated as normally distributed. After performing this transformation, the bounds on the parameters are estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{\beta }_{U}}= & \widehat{\beta }\cdot {{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{\beta })}}{\widehat{\beta }}}} \\
& {{\beta }_{L}}= & \widehat{\beta }\cdot {{e}^{-\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{\beta })}}{\widehat{\beta }}}} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:also:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{A}_{U}}= & \widehat{A}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{A})} \\
& {{A}_{L}}= & \widehat{A}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{A})} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:and:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{B}_{U}}= & \widehat{B}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{B})} \\
& {{B}_{L}}= & \widehat{B}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{B})} 
\end{align}</math>
 
 
<br>
The variances and covariances of  <math>\beta ,</math>  <math>A,</math>  and  <math>B</math>  are estimated from the Fisher matrix (evaluated at  <math>\widehat{\beta },</math>  <math>\widehat{A},</math>  <math>\widehat{B})</math>  as follows:
 
<br>
::<math>\left[ \begin{matrix}
  Var(\widehat{\beta }) & Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{A}) & Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{B})  \\
  Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{\beta }) & Var(\widehat{A}) & Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B})  \\
  Cov(\widehat{B},\widehat{\beta }) & Cov(\widehat{B},\widehat{A}) & Var(\widehat{B})  \\
\end{matrix} \right]={{\left[ \begin{matrix}
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{\beta }^{2}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \beta \partial A} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \beta \partial B}  \\
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial A\partial \beta } & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{A}^{2}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial A\partial B}  \\
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial B\partial \beta } & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial B\partial A} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{B}^{2}}}  \\
\end{matrix} \right]}^{-1}}</math>
 
===Confidence Bounds on Reliability===
 
<br>
The reliability function for the Eyring-Weibull model (ML estimate) is given by:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{R}(T,V)={{e}^{-{{\left( T\cdot V\cdot {{e}^{\left( \widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right)}} \right)}^{\widehat{\beta }}}}}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{R}(T,V)={{e}^{-{{e}^{\ln \left[ {{\left( T\cdot V\cdot {{e}^{\left( \widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right)}} \right)}^{\widehat{\beta }}} \right]}}}}</math>
 
<br>
:Setting:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{u}=\ln \left[ {{\left( T\cdot V\cdot {{e}^{\left( \widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right)}} \right)}^{\widehat{\beta }}} \right]</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{u}=\widehat{\beta }\left[ \ln (T)+\ln (V)+\widehat{A}-\frac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right]</math>
 
<br>
The reliability function now becomes:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{R}(T,V)={{e}^{-e\widehat{^{u}}}}</math>
 
<br>
The next step is to find the upper and lower bounds on  <math>\widehat{u}</math> :
 
<br>
::<math>{{u}_{U}}=\widehat{u}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{u})}</math>
 
<br>
::<math>{{u}_{L}}=\widehat{u}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{u})}</math>
 
<br>
:where:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{u})= & {{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\beta })+{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{A}) \\
&  & +{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{A}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
<br>
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{u})= & {{\left( \frac{\widehat{u}}{\widehat{\beta }} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\beta })+{{\widehat{\beta }}^{2}}Var(\widehat{A}) \\
&  & +{{\left( \frac{\widehat{\beta }}{V} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\widehat{u}\cdot Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{A})-\frac{2\widehat{u}}{V}Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{B}) \\
&  & -\frac{2{{\widehat{\beta }}^{2}}}{V}Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
The upper and lower bounds on reliability are:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{R}_{U}}= & {{e}^{-{{e}^{\left( {{u}_{L}} \right)}}}} \\
& {{R}_{L}}= & {{e}^{-{{e}^{\left( {{u}_{U}} \right)}}}} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
where  <math>{{u}_{U}}</math>  and  <math>{{u}_{L}}</math>  are estimated using Eqns (EyrExpu) and (EyrExpl).
 
===Confidence Bounds on Time===
 
<br>
The bounds on time (ML estimate of time) for a given reliability are estimated by first solving the reliability function with respect to time:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & \ln (R)= & -{{\left( \widehat{T}\cdot V\cdot {{e}^{\left( \widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right)}} \right)}^{\widehat{\beta }}} \\
& \ln (-\ln (R))= & \widehat{\beta }\left( \ln \widehat{T}+\ln V+\widehat{A}-\frac{\widehat{B}}{V} \right) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>\widehat{u}=\frac{1}{\widehat{\beta }}\ln (-\ln (R))-\ln V-\widehat{A}+\frac{\widehat{B}}{V}</math>
<br>
where 
<br>
::<math></math>
<br>
The upper and lower bounds on  <math>\widehat{u}</math>  are then estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>{{u}_{U}}=\widehat{u}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{u})}</math>
 
<br>
::<math>{{u}_{L}}=\widehat{u}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{u})}</math>
 
<br>
:where:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{u})= & {{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\beta })+{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{A}) \\
&  & +{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{A}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial \beta } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial A} \right)\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{u}}{\partial B} \right)Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{u})= & \frac{1}{{{\widehat{\beta }}^{4}}}{{\left[ \ln (-\ln (R)) \right]}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\beta }) \\
&  & +Var(\widehat{A})+\frac{1}{{{V}^{2}}}Var(\widehat{B}) \\
&  & +\frac{2\ln (-\ln (R))}{{{\widehat{\beta }}^{2}}}Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{A})-\frac{2\ln (-\ln (R))}{{{\widehat{\beta }}^{2}}V}Cov(\widehat{\beta },\widehat{B}) \\
&  & -\frac{2}{V}Cov(\widehat{A},\widehat{B}) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
The upper and lower bounds on time are then found by:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{T}_{U}}= & {{e}^{{{u}_{U}}}} \\
& {{T}_{L}}= & {{e}^{{{u}_{L}}}} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
where  <math>{{u}_{U}}</math>  and  <math>{{u}_{L}}</math>  are estimated using Eqns. (EyrTimeu) and (EyrTimel).
<br>
 
==Approximate Confidence Bounds for the Eyring-Lognormal==
<br>
===Bounds on the Parameters===
<br>
The lower and upper bounds on  <math>A</math>  and  <math>B</math>  are estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{A}_{U}}= & \widehat{A}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{A})}\text{ (Upper bound)} \\
& {{A}_{L}}= & \widehat{A}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{A})}\text{ (Lower bound)} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:and:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{B}_{U}}= & \widehat{B}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{B})}\text{ (Upper bound)} \\
& {{B}_{L}}= & \widehat{B}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{B})}\text{ (Lower bound)} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
Since the standard deviation,  <math>{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{T}',}}</math>  is a positive parameter,  <math>\ln ({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})</math>  is treated as normally distributed, and the bounds are estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{\sigma }_{U}}= & {{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}\cdot {{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}}}\text{ (Upper bound)} \\
& {{\sigma }_{L}}= & \frac{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}{{{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}}}}\text{ (Lower bound)} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
The variances and covariances of  <math>A,</math>  <math>B,</math>  and  <math>{{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}</math>  are estimated from the local Fisher matrix (evaluated at  <math>\widehat{A},</math>  <math>\widehat{B}</math> ,  <math>{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})</math>  as follows:
 
<br>
::<math>\left( \begin{matrix}
  Var\left( {{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) & Cov\left( \widehat{A},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) & Cov\left( \widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right)  \\
  Cov\left( {{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}},\widehat{A} \right) & Var\left( \widehat{A} \right) & Cov\left( \widehat{A},\widehat{B} \right)  \\
  Cov\left( {{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}},\widehat{B} \right) & Cov\left( \widehat{B},\widehat{A} \right) & Var\left( \widehat{B} \right)  \\
\end{matrix} \right)={{[F]}^{-1}}</math>
 
<br>
:where:
 
<br>
::<math>F=\left( \begin{matrix}
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \sigma _{{{T}'}}^{2}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}\partial A} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}\partial B}  \\
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial A\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{A}^{2}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial A\partial B}  \\
  -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial B\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial B\partial A} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{B}^{2}}}  \\
\end{matrix} \right)</math>
 
<br>
 
===Bounds on Reliability===
 
<br>
The reliability of the lognormal distribution is given by:
 
<br>
::<math>R({T}',V;A,B,{{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}})=\mathop{}_{{{T}'}}^{\infty }\frac{1}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{\left( \tfrac{t+\ln (V)+\widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}} \right)}^{2}}}}dt</math>
 
<br>
Let  <math>\widehat{z}(t,V;A,B,{{\sigma }_{T}})=\tfrac{t+\ln (V)+\widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}},</math>  then  <math>\tfrac{d\widehat{z}}{dt}=\tfrac{1}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}.</math>
<br>
For  <math>t={T}'</math> ,  <math>\widehat{z}=\tfrac{{T}'+\ln (V)+\widehat{A}-\tfrac{\widehat{B}}{V}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}</math> , and for  <math>t=\infty ,</math>  <math>\widehat{z}=\infty .</math>  The above equation then becomes:
 
<br>
::<math>R(\widehat{z})=\mathop{}_{\widehat{z}({T}',V)}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz</math>
 
<br>
The bounds on  <math>z</math>  are estimated from:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{z}_{U}}= & \widehat{z}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{z})} \\
& {{z}_{L}}= & \widehat{z}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{z})} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:where:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{z})= & \left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial A} \right)_{\widehat{A}}^{2}Var(\widehat{A})+\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial B} \right)_{\widehat{B}}^{2}Var(\widehat{B})+\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)_{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}^{2}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{T}}) \\
&  & +2{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial A} \right)}_{\widehat{A}}}{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial B} \right)}_{\widehat{B}}}Cov\left( \widehat{A},\widehat{B} \right) \\
&  & +2{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial A} \right)}_{\widehat{A}}}{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)}_{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}}Cov\left( \widehat{A},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{T}} \right) \\
&  & +2{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial B} \right)}_{\widehat{B}}}{{\left( \frac{\partial \widehat{z}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)}_{{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}}}Cov\left( \widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{T}} \right) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var(\widehat{z})= & \frac{1}{\widehat{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}^{2}}[Var(\widehat{A})+\frac{1}{{{V}^{2}}}Var(\widehat{B})+{{\widehat{z}}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}) \\
&  & -\frac{2}{V}Cov\left( \widehat{A},\widehat{B} \right)-2\widehat{z}Cov\left( \widehat{A},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right)+\frac{2\widehat{z}}{V}Cov\left( \widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right)] 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
The upper and lower bounds on reliability are:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{R}_{U}}= & \mathop{}_{{{z}_{L}}}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz\text{ (Upper bound)} \\
& {{R}_{L}}= & \mathop{}_{{{z}_{U}}}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz\text{ (Lower bound)} 
\end{align}</math>
 
===Confidence Bounds on Time===
 
<br>
The bounds around time for a given lognormal percentile (unreliability) are estimated by first solving the reliability equation with respect to time as follows:
 
<br>
::<math>{T}'(V;\widehat{A},\widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})=-\ln (V)-\widehat{A}+\frac{\widehat{B}}{V}+z\cdot {{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}</math>
 
<br>
:where:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {T}'(V;\widehat{A},\widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}})= & \ln (T) \\
& z= & {{\Phi }^{-1}}\left[ F({T}') \right] 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:and:
 
<br>
::<math>\Phi (z)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\mathop{}_{-\infty }^{z({T}')}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz</math>
 
<br>
The next step is to calculate the variance of  <math>{T}'(V;\widehat{A},\widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}):</math>
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var({T}')= & {{\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial A} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{A})+{{\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial B} \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{B})+{{\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial A} \right)\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial B} \right)Cov\left( \widehat{A},\widehat{B} \right) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial A} \right)\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)Cov\left( \widehat{A},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) \\
&  & +2\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial B} \right)\left( \frac{\partial {T}'}{\partial {{\sigma }_{{{T}'}}}} \right)Cov\left( \widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
:or:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & Var({T}')= & Var(\widehat{A})+\frac{1}{V}Var(\widehat{B})+{{\widehat{z}}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}}) \\
&  & -\frac{2}{V}Cov\left( \widehat{A},\widehat{B} \right) \\
&  & -2\widehat{z}Cov\left( \widehat{A},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) \\
&  & +\frac{2\widehat{z}}{V}Cov\left( \widehat{B},{{\widehat{\sigma }}_{{{T}'}}} \right) 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
The upper and lower bounds are then found by:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & T_{U}^{\prime }= & \ln {{T}_{U}}={T}'+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({T}')} \\
& T_{L}^{\prime }= & \ln {{T}_{L}}={T}'-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({T}')} 
\end{align}</math>
 
<br>
Solving for  <math>{{T}_{U}}</math>  and  <math>{{T}_{L}}</math>  yields:
 
<br>
::<math>\begin{align}
  & {{T}_{U}}= & {{e}^{T_{U}^{\prime }}}\text{ (Upper bound)} \\
& {{T}_{L}}= & {{e}^{T_{L}^{\prime }}}\text{ (Lower bound)} 
\end{align}</math>

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